Mastering Content-Aware Fill: A Step-by-Step Guide to Removing Objects from Photos in Photoshop

Learn to use the Content-Aware Fill workspace to seamlessly fill selected portions of an image with content sampled from other parts of the image

Try it in the appFollow along with a sample file to learn how to use Content-Aware Fill.

Open Photoshop

Topics in the article:

• Quickly remove objects with Content-Aware Fill

• Use tools to fine-tune sampling and fill areas

• Adjust Content-Aware Fill settings

• View full-resolution previews

• Apply multiple fill changes

• Commit or cancel fill changes

The Content-Aware Fill workspace provides an interactive editing experience for ultimate image control. Use the live full-resolution preview as you refine the sampling area Content-Aware Fill uses and adjust the settings to achieve amazing results.

Content-Aware Fill workspace

Watch the short video below to learn how to use Content-Aware Fill in Photoshop.

Read the full article to understand the step details. 

Quickly remove objects with Content-Aware Fill

Learn how to remove objects with the Content-Aware Fill workspace in four simple steps

1. Select the object Make a quick selection of an object you want to remove using Select Subject, the Object Selection Tool, the Quick Selection Tool, or the Magic Wand Tool Select an object to remove
   

2. Open Content-Aware Fill Right-click and choose Content-Aware Fill...
   

• Right-click within the selection and choose Content-Aware Fill…

• Choose Edit > Content-Aware Fill...

1. Refine the selection Easily expand the selection edges around your object by selecting a Lasso tool from the left Toolbar and clicking the Expand button one or more times in the Options bar at the top. If you've expanded the selection too much, use the Contract button or Undo to reduce the selection edges.

2. Click OK when you're happy with the fill results Click OK when done!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lU2SQ5qSQ0s

Use tools to fine-tune sampling and fill areas

Sampling Brush Tool

Paint with the Sampling Brush Tool in the document window to add or remove sampled image areas used to fill the selection.

Modify the sampling area using the Sampling Brush Tool.

• To add to the default sampling area, choose the Add mode in the Tool Options bar and brush over the areas in the image you want to include in the sampling area overlay. 

• To remove from the default sampling area, choose the Subtract mode in the Tool Options bar and brush over the areas in the image you want to exclude from the sampling area overlay. 

• To toggle between Add and Subtract modes, hold down Alt (Windows) / Option (macOS) key while brushing with the Sampling Brush Tool.

• To increase or decrease the Sampling Brush size, use the Size option in the Tool Options bar or use the left/right bracket keys.   

Selection refinement tools

Use either the Lasso Tool or Polygonal Lasso Tool to change or modify your original selection (fill area) in the document window.

To learn more, see Select with the lasso tools

Modify your selection using the Lasso or Polygonal Lasso Tool.

• Press 'E' to cycle through the Lasso Tool selection modes - New Selection, Add To Selection, Subtract From Selection, and Intersect With Selection. 

• With the either Lasso Tool selected, use the Expand button to and Contract buttons to expand You can click these options in the Tool Options bar to expand or contract the selection by a specified number of pixels.     

• To reset all changes made in this workspace to the original selection, click the reset () icon in the Tool Options bar. 

Note:

When you change the selection, the sampling area gets reset but the previous brush strokes are preserved. The selection also gets updated in the document when you exit the Content-Aware Fill workspace after committing the fill.

Navigation tools

Hand Tool: Pan over different parts of the image in the document window and the Preview panel. You can quickly toggle to the Hand Tool by holding the 'Spacebar' key while using any other tool.

Zoom Tool: Magnify or reduce the view of the image in the document window or the Preview panel. To learn more, see Zoom in or out

To change magnification level in the Preview panel, drag the zoom slider at the bottom of the panel or manually type a zoom percentage value in the text box.

Adjust Content-Aware Fill settings

You can adjust the following settings in the Content-Aware Fill panel.

Sampling Area Overlay

Show Sampling Area

Select this option to show the sampling area or the excluded area as an overlay on the image in the document window.

• To reset to default sampling area, click the reset () icon next to the Show Sampling Area option.

Opacity

Sets the opacity of the overlay displayed in the document window. To adjust the opacity, drag the slider or type a percentage value in the text box. 

Color

Assigns color to the overlay displayed in the document window. Click the color selection box and then choose a color from Adobe Color Picker. 

Indicates

Shows the overlay in the sampling or the excluded area. Choose an option from the drop-down list - Sampling Area or Excluded Area.

Sampling Area Options

Determine the sampling area in your image where you want Photoshop to look for source pixels to fill content.

Auto

Select this option to use content similar to surrounding fill area.

Rectangular

Select this option to use rectangular region around fill area. 

Custom

Select this option to manually define a sampling area. Use the Sampling Brush Tool to add to the sampling area.

Sample All Layers

Select this option to sample source pixels from all the visible layers in your document.

Fill Settings

Color Adaptation

Allows contrast and brightness to adapt for a better match. This setting is useful for filling content with gradual color or texture changes. Choose an appropriate option from the drop-down list - None, Default, High, or Very High.

Use the Color Adaptation setting to fill content with gradual color or texture changes.

Rotation Adaptation

Allows content rotation for a better match. This setting is useful for filling content with rotated or curved patterns. Choose an appropriate option from the drop-down list - None, Low, Medium, High, or Full.

Use the Rotation Adaptation setting to fill content with rotated or curved patterns.

Scale

Select this option to allow content resizing for a better match. It works well for filling content with repeating patterns of different sizes or under perspective.

Use the Scale option for filling content with repeating patterns of different sizes or under perspective.

Mirror

Select this option to allow content to be flipped horizontally for a better match. This is useful for images with horizontal symmetry.

Use the Mirror option to fill images with horizontal symmetry.

To reset to default fill settings, click the reset () icon in the Fill Settings menu.

Output settings

Output To

Apply Content-Aware Fill to Current Layer, New Layer, or Duplicate Layer.

View full-resolution preview in the Preview panel

As you fine-tune sampling and fill areas and adjust fill settings, the Preview panel renders a full-resolution preview of the changes. 

Note:

Photoshop first renders an initial low-resolution preview of the changes in the Preview panel. Immediately after, it generates a full-resolution preview. While this full-resolution preview is being generated, you may notice that a warning icon appears next to the spinner in the lower-right corner of the Preview panel.

• To change the magnification of the preview image, you can drag the zoom slider or type a value in the text box at the bottom of the panel. You can also select Zoom Tool in the Tools panel.

• To pan over different parts of the preview image, you can switch to Hand Tool quickly by pressing 'H' while using any other tool.

Apply multiple fill changes

Introduced in Photoshop 21.1 (February 2020 release)

You can fill multiple portions of the image without leaving the Content-Aware Fill workspace. After you get the desired fill result for a selection in your image, do the following: 

1. Click Apply at the bottom of the Content-Aware Fill panel to commit fill and keep the workspace open.

2. Now, use Lasso Tool or Polygonal Lasso Tool within the Content-Aware Fill workspace to make a new selection to fill.

Commit or cancel fill changes

• To commit fill and close the Content-Aware Fill workspace, click OK at the bottom of the Content-Aware Fill panel or press Enter (Win) / Return (Mac) when you get the desired fill result in the image.

• To cancel fill and close the Content-Aware Fill workspace, click Cancel at the bottom of the Content-Aware Fill panel or press Esc.   

Reset all fill settings

To reset all Content-Aware Fill settings, click the reset () icon in the lower-left corner of the Content-Aware Fill panel.      

Source:-

https://helpx.adobe.com/uk/photoshop/using/content-aware-fill.html

Demystifying CAPTCHA: What It Is and How It Works

Why can't robots pass CAPTCHA tests?

Although it's called a "Public Turing test," a CAPTCHA is really the opposite of a Turing test – it determines whether a supposedly human user is actually a computer program (a bot) or not, instead of trying to determine if a computer is human.

"Unlocking the Power of Ricardo's Law: Understanding the Law of 3"

David Ricardo (1772–1823) was a classical economist best known for his theory on wages and profit, the labor theory of value, the theory of comparative advantage, and the theory of rents. David Ricardo and several other economists also simultaneously and independently discovered the law of diminishing marginal returns. His most well-known work is Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817).1

Another version as applied to life values...

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Comparative advantage in an economic model is the advantage over others in producing a particular good. A good can be produced at a lower relative opportunity cost or autarky price, i.e. at a lower relative marginal cost prior to trade.[1] Comparative advantage describes the economic reality of the work gains from trade for individuals, firms, or nations, which arise from differences in their factor endowments or technological progress.[2]

David Ricardo developed the classical theory of comparative advantage in 1817 to explain why countries engage in international trade even when one country's workers are more efficient at producing every single good than workers in other countries. He demonstrated that if two countries capable of producing two commodities engage in the free market (albeit with the assumption that the capital and labour do not move internationally[3]), then each country will increase its overall consumption by exporting the good for which it has a comparative advantage while importing the other good, provided that there exist differences in labor productivity between both countries.[4][5] Widely regarded as one of the most powerful[6] yet counter-intuitive[7] insights in economics, Ricardo's theory implies that comparative advantage rather than absolute advantage is responsible for much of international trade.

Classical theory and David Ricardo's formulation

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Adam Smith first alluded to the concept of absolute advantage as the basis for international trade in 1776, in The Wealth of Nations:

If a foreign country can supply us with a commodity cheaper than we ourselves can make it, better buy it off them with some part of the produce of our own industry employed in a way in which we have some advantage. The general industry of the country, being always in proportion to the capital which employs it, will not thereby be diminished [...] but only left to find out the way in which it can be employed with the greatest advantage.[8]

Writing several decades after Smith in 1808, Robert Torrens articulated a preliminary definition of comparative advantage as the loss from the closing of trade:

[I]f I wish to know the extent of the advantage, which arises to England, from her giving France a hundred pounds of broadcloth, in exchange for a hundred pounds of lace, I take the quantity of lace which she has acquired by this transaction, and compare it with the quantity which she might, at the same expense of labour and capital, have acquired by manufacturing it at home. The lace that remains, beyond what the labour and capital employed on the cloth, might have fabricated at home, is the amount of the advantage which England derives from the exchange.[9]

In 1814 the anonymously published pamphlet Considerations on the Importation of Foreign Corn featured the earliest recorded formulation of the concept of comparative advantage.[10][11] Torrens would later publish his work External Corn Trade in 1815 acknowledging this pamphlet author's priority.[10]

David Ricardo

In 1817, David Ricardo published what has since become known as the theory of comparative advantage in his book On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation.

Ricardo's example[edit]

Graph illustrating Ricardo's example:

In case I (diamonds), each country spends 3600 hours to produce a mixture of cloth and wine.

In case II (squares), each country specializes in its comparative advantage, resulting in greater total output.

In a famous example, Ricardo considers a world economy consisting of two countries, Portugal and England, each producing two goods of identical quality. In Portugal, the a priori more efficient country, it is possible to produce wine and cloth with less labor than it would take to produce the same quantities in England. However, the relative costs or ranking of cost of producing those two goods differ between the countries.

		Hours of work necessary to produce one unit
Produce Country	Cloth	Wine
England	100	120
Portugal	90	80

In this illustration, England could commit 100 hours of labor to produce one unit of cloth, or produce 5/6 units of wine. Meanwhile, in comparison, Portugal could commit 100 hours of labor to produce 10/9 units of cloth, or produce 10/8 units of wine. Portugal possesses an absolute advantage in producing both cloth and wine due to more produced per hour (since 10/9 > 1). If the capital and labour were mobile, both wine and cloth should be made in Portugal, with the capital and labour of England removed there.[12] If they were not mobile, as Ricardo believed them to be generally, then England's comparative advantage (due to lower opportunity cost) in producing cloth means that it has an incentive to produce more of that good which is relatively cheaper for them to produce than the other—assuming they have an advantageous opportunity to trade in the marketplace for the other more difficult to produce good.

In the absence of trade, England requires 220 hours of work to both produce and consume one unit each of cloth and wine while Portugal requires 170 hours of work to produce and consume the same quantities. England is more efficient at producing cloth than wine, and Portugal is more efficient at producing wine than cloth. So, if each country specializes in the good for which it has a comparative advantage, then the global production of both goods increases, for England can spend 220 labor hours to produce 2.2 units of cloth while Portugal can spend 170 hours to produce 2.125 units of wine. Moreover, if both countries specialize in the above manner and England trades a unit of its cloth for 5/6 to 9/8 units of Portugal's wine, then both countries can consume at least a unit each of cloth and wine, with 0 to 0.2 units of cloth and 0 to 0.125 units of wine remaining in each respective country to be consumed or exported. Consequently, both England and Portugal can consume more wine and cloth under free trade than in autarky.

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